This paper focuses on the feasibility of utilising high-temperature superconductors (HTS) in Applied-Field Magnetoplasmadynamic (AF-MPD) thrusters for in-space propulsion applications. HTS magnets have recently gained significant interest for advanced space propulsion systems because of their extremely high field to weight ratio and low power requirements. AF-MPD thrusters are plasma thrusters that utilize strong external magnetic fields to accelerate ionized propellant, generating thrust.
To date, there are no public examples of either HTS magnets nor AF-MPD thrusters being demonstrated in space, and the integration of the two technologies for space propulsion presents significant challenges. As such, this study represents an important feasibility investigation into the potential use of HTS AF-MPD thrusters for space applications.
We present detailed thermal and electromagnetic modeling of an NI HTS AF-MPD thruster integrated into the smallest possible form factor: a 12U CubeSat. Operating cryogenic HTS coils adjacent to streams of hot plasma and large electrical discharges poses significant thermal management challenges, which we address in detail. This is an extension of 2D modelling work done previously by the authors [1]. Here, the work is extended to 3D, includes the use of a flux pump for energising the magnet, and includes new system level details related to the on-orbit platform.
We show that HTS AF-MPD thrusters can be operated in pulse-mode without quenching within a tight operability range. We also show that the added complexity of the in-space platform, such as extreme power restrictions and inefficient heat dissipation, represent new technical challenges that are uncommon for terrestrial HTS magnets.
[1] Olatunji, J.R., Weijers, H. W., Strickland, N. M., Wimbush, S. C. (2022, October). Modelling the Quench Behaviour of a NI HTS Applied-Field Module for a Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster Undergoing a 1kW Discharge. Proceedings of the Applied Superconductivity Conference, Hawaii, USA.
This work was funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment